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THE
GEORGIAN LANGUAGE
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A short bibliography
of study material
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PJ Hillery
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This bibliography contains brief details of books and
other materials on the Georgian language. Not all items are in print, and some
may be difficult to find outside Georgia; however, a number of items have
been re-issued in Georgia in recent years. Works in English
have been given prominence, while notable items in the main languages of Western Europe are also listed; a few key reference
items in Georgian have also been included. This overall approach inevitably
excludes a significant amount of material on the subject.
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Caucasian Languages
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Klimov (1985) provides a good general introduction that includes
maps and comparative data, and is much more comprehensive than his earlier
work (Klimov 1965). Catford
(1977) surveys the languages under several topic headings, and Comrie (1981) gives an overview of morphology and syntax.
Comrie (1981) also covers the non-Caucasian
languages of the Caucasus. The series under the general editorship of Greppin
provides detailed overviews of many of the Caucasian languages.
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Catford, J. C. 1977. 'Mountain of tongues: the languages of the Caucasus', in Annual Review of
Anthropology, vol. 6, pp. 283-314.
Comrie, B. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Deeters, G. 1963. 'Die kaukasischen Sprachen'
in Deeters, G. et al. Armenisch
und kaukasische Sprachen
(Brill, Leiden).
Greppin, J. A. C. (general editor). The Indigenous Languages of the
Caucasus (Caravan Books, Delmar): vol. 1, ed. Harris, A. C. 1992 The
Kartvelian Languages; vol. 2, ed. Hewitt, B. G. 1989 The North West
Caucasian Languages; vol. 3, ed. Job, D. M. and Smeets,
R. (forthcoming) The North East Caucasian Languages, part 1; vol. 4,
ed. Smeets, R. (1994) The North East Caucasian
Languages, part 2.
Jorbenadze, B. 1991. The Kartvelian Languages and Dialects (Metsniereba, Tbilsi).
Klimov, G. A. 1965. Кавказкие
языки (Moscow), translated as Klimov,
G. A. 1969. Die kaukasischen Sprachen (Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg).
Klimov, G. A. 1985. Введение
в кавказское
языковедение
(Nauka, Moscow) translated as Klimov, G. A. 1994. Einführung
in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft
(Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg).
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Phonology
Aronson
(1997) provides a useful concise summary of the phonology of the language.
Robins and Waterson (1952) summarizes the phonetics
of Georgian based on a detailed study of the speech of one informant. The
Language Laboratory of Indiana University, Bloomington, has produced sets of cassette
tape recordings to accompany Aronson (1990) (5 tapes) and Tschenkéli
(1958) (8 tapes). There are also cassettes to accompany Gabounia
& Murphy (1995) (2 tapes) and Bakradze (1994)
(1 tape). (See also ‘Georgian as a Foreign Language course material’ below.)
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Aronson,
H. I. 1997. Georgian Phonology, in
Kaye, Alan S. (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa 2 vols., (Eisenbrauns, Winona
Lake, IN).
Robins,
R. H. and Waterson, N. 1952. 'Notes on the Phonetics of
the Georgian Word', in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 14 (pt 1), pp. 55-72.
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Script
Jensen
(1970) notes the possible links with Middle Iranian,
while Gamq'relidze (1989) deals in depth with Greek
influence (the book contains an extended Russian-language résumé). Holisky (1995) provides a useful bibliography. Mach'avariani (1989) (in Georgian) is a short monograph
with illustrations showing how the shapes of the Georgian letters have
evolved over the centuries. Basiashvili (1973)
should prove useful to those who wish to practice reading khutsuri
texts.
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Basilashvili, E. 1973. ძველი ქართული ანბანი żveli
kartuli anbani ['The
Ancient Georgian Alphabet'] (Ganatleba, Tbilisi).
Gamq'relidze, T. 1989. წერის ანბანური სისტემა და ძველი ქართული დამწერილობა c'eris
anbanuri sist'ema da żveli kartuli damc'eriloba
[‘Alphabetic Writing and the Old Georgian Script’] (Tbilisi University Press,
Tbilisi).
Holisky, D.A. 1995. The Georgian Alphabet in Daniels, P.
T. & Bright, W. (eds) The World's Writing
Systems (Oxford University Press, New York).
Jensen,
H. 1958. Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (Berlin), translated as Jensen, H.
1970. Sign, Symbol and Script (Allen & Unwin,
London).
Mach’avariani, E. 1989. მწიგნობრობაჲ ქართული mc'ignobrobay
kartuli ['Written Georgian'] (Kartuli Sabch'ota Entsik'lop'edia, Tbilisi).
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Grammars
and study material
Fähnrich (1987) is a concise descriptive grammar, with emphasis on
word formation, irregular verbs and syntax. Vogt (1971) provides a detailed
description of the language, with numerous illustrative examples. Aronson
(1990) is a pedagogical grammar aimed at those wishing to acquire a reading
knowledge of the language. Tschenkéli (1958) is in
two parts: a detailed pedagogical grammar with numerous paradigms, and a
combined set of exercises and chrestomathy. K'raveishvili
and Nakhutsrishvili (1972) (in English) is a useful
introductory course, as is Geguchadze (1996).
Hewitt (1996a) provides much detailed information, but the book's Georgian
dialogues have been widely criticized by native scholars; a revised edition
of this book has been published (Hewitt 2005). Hewitt (1996b) is a
comprehensive reference grammar targeted at linguists, but its value is
reduced by an inadequate index.
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Aronson
& Kiziria 1999 is a very useful chrestomathy
(dialogues, excerpts from works of Georgian prose and poetry, and a
grammatical review). It is ideal for those with a basic knowledge of the
grammar of the language.
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Aronson,
H. I. 1982
(corrected edition 1990). Georgian: a Reading Grammar, corrected
edition, (Slavica Publishers, Columbus; ISBN
0-89357-207-1).
Aronson,
H. I. & Kiziria, D. 1999. Georgian Language and
Culture: A Continuing Course, Slavica
Publishers, Bloomington).
Asatiani, R. 1996. ქართული ენის სახელმძღვანელო უცხოელებისათვის kartuli
enis saxelmżġvanelo
ucxoelebisatvis [Georgian Language for
Foreigners] (Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi).
Babunaschwili, N. & Nadarejschwili,
N. 1974. ქართული ენის თვითმასწავლებელი kartuli
enis tvitmasc'avlebeli
[‘Lehrbuch der Georgischen Sprache zum Selbststudium’] (Metsniereba, Tbilisi).
Deeters, G. 1930. Das khartwelische Verbum (Kommissionsverlag
von Markert & Petters,
Leipzig).
Fähnrich, H. 1987. Kurze Grammatik der georgischen Sprache (Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig).
Geguchadze, L. 1996. The Georgian Language for Foreign Learners, I:
Concise Grammar with Texts and Vocabulary (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi; ISBN 5-511-00661-0).
Hewitt,
G. 1996a. Georgian:
A Learner's Grammar First edition (Routledge, London).
Hewitt,
B. G. 1996b. Georgian:
A Structural Reference Grammar (John Benjamins,
Amsterdam).
Hewitt,
G. (prepared)
1996c. A Georgian Reader (with Texts, Translation and Vocabulary) (School of Oriental and African Studies, London).
Hewitt, G. 2005. Georgian: A Learner's Grammar Second edition
(Routledge, London).
K'raveishvili, M. and Nakhutsrishvili,
G. 1972. ქართული ენისა და წერა-კითხვის თვითმასწავლებელი kartuli
enisa da c'era-k'itxvis tvitmasc'avlebeli
[‘Teach Yourself Georgian’] (The Georgian Society for Cultural Relations with
Compatriots Abroad, Tbilisi).
Quadeichvili, N. & Ghambachidze,
R. 1969. ქართული ენის თვითმასწავლებელი kartuli
enis tvitmasc'avlebeli
[Manuel de Géorgien pour l'Étude
Individuelle] (Société Géorgienne de Relations Culturelles
avec les Compatriots à l'Étranger,
Tbilisi).
Rudenko, B. T. 1940. Грамматика
грузинского
языка (Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1940).
Tschenkéli, K. 1958. Einführung in
die georgische Sprache
2 vols (Amirani Verlag, Zürich).
Tsibakhashvili, G. I. 1973. Элементарный
курс грузинского
языка (Tbilisi
University Press, Tbilisi).
Vogt,
H. 1936. Esquisse d'une Grammaire du Géorgien Moderne (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Oslo).
Vogt,
H. 1971. Grammaire de la langue géorgienne
(Universitetsforlaget, Oslo).
Georgian
as a Foreign Language course material
Nilolaishvili, M. 2000.
Georgian Language (Intensive Course, 1) incl. 3 CDs (Metsniereba, Tbilisi; ISBN 99928-891-0-1).
Shavtvaladze, N. 2006.
ბილიკი bilik’i [Path] (Levels 1-4) incl. CD (Lega, Tbilisi; ISBN 99940-879-8-3 (Level 1)).
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Phrasebooks
The most
useful phrasebook (which includes some grammatical information) is Bakradze (1994). The other titles are primarily intended
for Georgian speakers.
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Bakradze, L. 1994. Georgisch Wort für Wort
(Verlag Peter Rump, Bielefeld).
Gamsakhurdia,
L. 1989. ვისაუბროთ ინგლისურად visaubrot
inglisurad [‘Conversation Book’] (Ganatleba, Tbilisi).
Goletiani, G. 1984. ქართული-რუსული სასაუბრო kartuli-rusuli
sasaubro ['Georgian-Russian Phrasebook']
(Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi).
Newman,
L.W. (undated) ქართული-ინგლისური სასაუბრო kartuli-inglisuri sasaubro [Georgian English Guide to
Conversation] (publisher not noted, Tbilisi).
Chubabria, S. 1987. ქართული-ფრანგული სასაუბრო kartuli-pranguli
sasaubro [‘Guide de Conversation Géorgien-Français] (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi).
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Dictionaries
Tschenkéli (1965-74) and Rayfield (2006) are
both outstanding dictionaries. The former lists verbs by root and includes a
wealth of grammatical information, while the latter excels in its range of
vocabulary (including Old Georgian), its coverage of the colloquial language
and its topicality. The only other dictionary below that lists verbs by root
is Lange (1987), but its range of vocabulary is very limited, as is that of Torikashvili (1992), which should be avoided because of
its poor lexicographical standards. Megrelishvili
(2003) is an extremely flawed work of lexicography that is best ignored. Not
all fascicles of Margitadze (1995-)
have been published. Mch’edlishvili el al. (2007)
is a very useful first dictionary with many illustrative phrases. Lomtatidze (1983) provides quite good coverage. There are
no field labels in Gvarjaladze (1975), while Gvarjaladze (1979) has a useful selection of vocabulary. Marchev (1986) is a listing of Georgian affixes, together
with details of their usage. For each affix there are cross-references to the
relevant sections in Tschenkéli (1958). Marchev (1999) is to be recommended, and is designed to
complement Tschenkéli (1965-74). Toradze (1994) and Maisuradze
& Nonikashvili (1997) are useful pocket
dictionaries. All Georgian text in Awde & Khitarishvili (1997) is rendered using a transliteration
scheme based on English.
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Awde, N. & Khitarishvili, T. 1997. Georgian-English
English-Georgian Dictionary and Phrasebook (Curzon
Press, Richmond).
Cherkesi, E. 1950. Georgian-English Dictionary (University of Oxford, Oxford).
Chanturia, S. 1996. ინგლისურ-ქართული და ქართულ-ინგლისური ლექსიკონი inglisur-kartuli
da kartul-inglisuri leksik'oni [English-Georgian and Georgian-English
Dictionary] (St'amba, Kutaisi).
Gvarjaladze, I. & Lebanidze, E. 1974. Dictionnaire
géorgien-français (Tbilisi).
Gvarjaladze, T. & I. 1975. ინგლისურ-ქართულუი ლექსიკონი inglisur-kartuli
leksik'oni [English-Georgian Dictionary] (Sabch'ota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi).
Gvarjaladze, T. & I. 1979. ქართულ-ინგლისური ლექსიკონი kartul-inglisuri
leksik'oni [Georgian-English Dictionary] (Sabch'ota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi).
Jelden, M. 2001. Wörterbuch
Deutsch-Georgisch / Georgisch-Deutsch
(Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg).
Lange,
W. 1987. Kleines Wörterbuch Georgisch-Deutsch, Deutsch-Georgisch
(Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg).
Lomtatidze, K. et al. (ed.) 1983. რუსულ-ქართული ლექსიკონი rusul-kartuli
leksik'oni ['Russian-Georgian Dictionary'] (Sabch'ota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi).
Maisuradze, M. & Nonikashvili,
D. (1997) ინგლისურ-ქართული ლექსიკონი inglisur-kartuli
leksik'oni [English-Georgian Dictionary] (ICC
Publishing House, Tbilisi).
Margalitadze, T. (publisher) 1995- . English-Georgian Dictionary (Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University, Tbilisi).
Marchev, Y. 1986. Die Morpheme der georgischen Sprache (Amirani Verlag, Zürich).
Marchev, Y. 1999. Deutsch-Georgisches Wörterbuch (Kaukasus-Verlag, Freudenstadt).
Mch'edlishvili, J., Mch'edlishvili, D.
& Gotsiridze, I. 2007. ინგლისურ-ქართული ლექსიკონი inglisur-kartuli
leksik'oni [English-Georgian Dictionary] 7th ed.
(publisher not noted, Tbilisi).
Megrelishvili, M. (ed.)
2003. ქართულ-ინგლისური ლექსიკონი kartuli-inglisuri leksik’oni
[Georgian-English Dictionary] (Kutaisi State University Press, Kutaisi).
Qaukhchishvili, S. (ed.). 1969. მოკლე რუსულ-ქართული ლექსიკონი mok'le
rusul-kartuli leksik'oni
['Short Russian-Georgian Dictionary'] (Sabch'ota Sakartvelo, Tbilisi).
Rayfield D. (ed.-in-chief). 2006. A Comprehensive
Georgian-English Dictionary. 2 vols. (Garnett Press, London; ISBN
0-9535878-3-5).
Toradze, T. 1994. ქართულ-ინგლისური ლექსიკონი kartul-inglisuri
leksik'oni [Georgian-English Dictionary] (Mnatobi Press, Tbilisi).
Torikashvili, J. 1992. Georgian-English, English-Georgian Dictionary
(Hippocrene Books, New York).
Tschenkéli, K. 1965-74. Georgisch-Deutsches
Wörterbuch, 3 vols (Amirani Verlag, Zürich).
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Old
Georgian
Schanidse (1982) and Fähnrich (1994) are
both detailed descriptive grammars of the Old Georgian language. Sardschweladse and Fähnrich
(1999) is the first dictionary of Old Georgian in a widely accessible western
language, and comprises more than 20,000 entries.
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Fähnrich, H. 1994. Grammatik der altgeorgischen
Sprache (Helmut Buske,
Hamburg).
Marr,
N. & Brière, M. 1931. La Langue Géorgienne (Firmin-Didot, Paris).
Sardschweladse, S. & Fähnrich, H. 1999. Altgeorgisch-deutsches
Wörterbuch (Helmut Buske,
Hamburg).
Sarjveladze, Z. 2001. ძველი ქართული ენის სიტყვის
კონა żveli
kartuli enis sit'q'vis k'ona ['Lexicon
of Old Georgian']. (Tbilisis Sakhelmts'ipo
P'edagogiuri Universit'rt'is
Gamomtsemloba, Tbilisi).
Shanidze, A. 1976. ძველი ქართული ენის გრამათიკა żveli
kartuli enis gramat'ik'a ['Grammar of the Old Georgian language']
(Tbilisis Universit'et'is
Gamomtsemloba, Tbilisi), translated as Schanidse, A. 1982 Grammatik der altgeorgischen Sprache (Universitätsverlag
Tbilisi, Tbilisi).
Zorell, F. 1930. Grammatik zur altgeorgischen
Bibelübersetzung, reprinted 1978 (Päpstliches Bibelinstitut, Rome).
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Miscellaneous
Monographs, reference material
in Georgian, and other items of interest.
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Abuladze, I. 1973. ძველი ქართული ენის ლექსიკონი żveli
kartuli enis leksik'oni ['Dictionary of Old Georgian'] (Metsniereba, Tbilisi).
Assatiani, I. & Malherbe, M. 1997. Parlons Géorgien: Langue et culture (Editions L'Harmattan, Paris).
Bregadze, L. 2005. ქართული ჟარგონის ლექსიკონი kartuli žargonis leksik’oni [Dictionary of Georgian Slang] second ed.
(Bak’ur Sulak’uri, Tbilisi; ISBN
99940-30-44-2).
Brosset, M. 1974. Eléments de la langue géorgienne (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück) (reprint of
1937 edition).
Chikobava, A. (ed.) 1950-64. ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი kartuli
enis ganmart'ebiti leksik'oni ['Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian
Language'] (Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi) (8 volume dictionary with citations;
in Georgian). Volume 1 contains a detailed description of the language.
Chikobava, A. (ed.) 1986. ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი kartuli
enis ganmart'ebiti leksik'oni ['Explanatory dictionary of the Georgian
Language'] (Kartuli Sabch'ota
Entsik'lop'edia, Tbilisi) (single volume abridged and
updated edition of Chikobava 1950-64; also
published in two volume edition; in Georgian).
Chikobava, A. 1979. იბერულ-კავკასიური ენათმეცნიერების შესავალი iberul-k'avk'asiuri
enatmecnierebis šesavali
[Introduction to Ibero-Caucasian Linguistics] (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi).
Chikobava, A. & Vateishvili, J. 1983. პირველი ქართული ნაბეჭდი გამოცემები p'irveli
kartuli nabeč'di gamocemebi [First Printed Books in Georgian] (Khelovneba, Tbilisi) (contains facsimiles of Paolini & Irbach's
Georgian-Italian Dictionary of 1629, and of Maggio's
Grammar of the Georgian Language, 1670).
Dirr, A. (undated) Grammatik der modernen (georgischen) grusinischen Sprache (Hartleben, Vienna).
Gabounia, K. & Murphy, J. 1995. Georgian Newspaper
Reader [სტატიები ქართული პრესიდან] (Dunwoody Press, Kensington, MA).
Gachechiladze, O. 1992. ქართული ენა kartuli
ena [The Georgian Language] (Tbilisi University
Press, Tbilisi).
Gochit’ashvili, K. & Danelia,
N. (2005). სავარჯიშო რვეული
ქართულ მართლწერაში saverjišo rveuli
kartul martlc’eraši
[Georgian orthography exercise book] (Universali, Tbilisi).
Gogolashvili, G. 1988. ქართული ზმნის უღვლილების სისტემა kartuli
zmnis uġvlilebis sist'ema [The Conjugation System of Georgian] (Metsniereba, Tbilisi).
Gologashvili, G., K'vant'aliani,
T. & Shengelia, D. 1989. ქართული ენის ზმნური ფუძეების ლექსიკონი kartuli
enis zmnuri pużeebis leksik'oni
[Dictionary of Georgian Verbal Roots] (Metsniereba,
Tbilisi).
Harris,
A. C. 1981. Georgian
Syntax: A study in relational grammar (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Harris,
A. C. 1985. Diachronic
Syntax: The Kartvelian Case (Academic Press, Orlando).
Holisky, D. A. 1981. Aspect and Georgian Medial Verbs (Caravan
Books, Delmar).
Jorbenadze, B. 1989. ქართული დიალექტოლოგია kartuli
dialekt'ologia [Georgian Dialectology] (Metsniereba, Tbilisi).
Jorbenadze, B. 1995. ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია kartuli
enis morpologia
[Georgian Morphology] (Besarion Jorbenadze
Society, Tbilisi).
Jorbenadze., B., K'obaidze,
M. & Beridze, M. 1988. ქართული ენის მორფემებისა და მოდალური ელემენტების ლექსიკონი kartuli
enis morpemebisa da modaluri element'ebis
leksik'oni (Dictionary of Georgian Morphemes
and Modal Elements] (Metsniereba, Tbilisi).
Jorjaneli, K’. 2003. ქართულ სინონიმთა
ვრცელი ლექსიკონი kartul sinonimta
vrceli leksik’oni
[Extensive Dictionary of Georgian Synonyms] (Merani,
Tbilisi; ISBN 99928-948-0-6).
K'vach'adze, L. 1988. თანამედროვე ქართული ენის სინტაქსი tanamedrove
kartuli enis sint'aksi [The Syntax of Contemporary Georgian] (Ganatleba, Tbilisi).
K'vach'adze, L. 1993. ქართული ენა kartuli
ena [The Georgian Language] (Rubikoni, Tbilisi).
Penrikhi [Fähnrich], H. & Sarjveladze, Z. 1990. ქართველურ ენათა ეტიმოლოგიური ლექსიკონი kartvelur
enata et'imologiuri leksik'oni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian
Languages] (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi).
Shanidze, A. 1973. ქართული გრამათიკის საფუძვლები kartuli
gramatik'is sapużvlebi
['Fundamentals of Georgian Grammar'] (Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi).
Topuria, V. & Gigineishvili,
I. 1998. ქართული ენის
ორთოგრაფიული
ლექსიკონი kartuli enis
ortograpiuli leksik’oni
2nd ed. (Ganatleba, Tbilisi; ISBN 5-505-00306-0).
Uturgaidse, T. 1992. Die Dialekte
der georgischen Sprache in Georgica,
vol. 15, 1992, pp 89-99 (Universitätsverlag Konstanz, Konstanz).
Vamling, K. 1989. Complementation in Georgian (Lund University Press,
Lund).
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Journals
The Revue
des Études Géorgiennes et
Caucasiennes (ISSN 0373-1537) is an annual
journal devoted to linguistic, literary, historical, archaeological and cultural
material on Georgia and on the Caucasus. This publication succeeds Bedi Kartlisa,
which appeared during the period 1957-84. The annual journal Georgica (ISSN
0232-4490) covers a similar range of material.
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